Intentio Spiritus
Materialistični pnevmatološki izvori namere pri Avguštinu
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35469/poligrafi.2023.398Ključne besede:
Avguštin, namera, intentio, pozornost, volja, pneuma, duh, dih, zrak, pnevmatologija, stoicizem, novoplatonizem, Sveti DuhPovzetek
Namera je ena od krilatic zahodne filozofije 20. stoletja. V pozitivnem ali negativnem smislu zaseda osrednjo vlogo v številnih tradicijah, od fenomenologije do analitične filozofije, v nobeni od njih pa nima nič opraviti z zrakom ali dihom. Splošno sprejeto je, da koncept namere izvira iz srednjeveške sholastične filozofije, natančneje iz Avguštinove rabe tega termina. Večina kritikov zagovarja mnenje, da se je prav v Avguštinovi intentio animi (nameri duše) namen prvič pojavil v pomenu človekovega usmerjanja pozornosti k nečemu ali njegovega zavestnega načrta.
Pričujoči prispevek takšne genealogije ne izpodbija, temveč jo dodatno zapleta z resno obravnavo (anti)pnevmatološkega konteksta, v katerem je Avguštin razvijal svoj koncept namere, in več neupoštevanih študij njegovega dela, ki zagovarjajo tezo, da ima njegova raba intentio izvor v starem stoiškem konceptu τόνος (tonos, napetosti ali tonusa). Nova študija tako pokaže, da prav intentio omogoča Avguštinu vsakokrat dokazati, da je duh nesnoven oziroma ni oblika snovnega zraka ali diha. S preoblikovanjem intentio najprej v attentio (pozornost) in nato v voluntas (voljo) Auguštin omogoči obstoj sfere nesnovnega duha. V članku je nadalje prikazano tudi, kako Avguštin v svojem argumentiranju jemlje kot samoumevno oziroma zavrača zgodnejše, materialistično pnevmatološko pojmovanje namere, ki ga lahko zasledimo že v nekaterih delih rimskega stoika Seneke in v danes izgubljenih krščanskih heretičnih teorijah Svetega Duha iz 4. stoletja n. št.
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