Attitudes towards exercise content on social media and the choice of fitness trainer

Authors

  • Nikolina Alerić Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split
  • Ana Penjak Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split
  • Hrvoje Karninčić Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.35469/ak.2023.424

Keywords:

social media, attitudes, fitness trainer, exercise, gender

Abstract

The aim of this study was to: a) investigate and determine gender differences towards factors influencing gym-goers’ choice of fitness trainer; and b) to identify and explain gender differences in gym-goers’ attitudes towards social media exercise contents (SMEC). For this purpose, a questionnaire was created. The study was conducted on a sample of 50 gym-goers (N1=13 male and N2=37 female), all attending a gym in Split, Croatia. The variable sample consisted of five groups of variables. Test-retest overlap was performed to determine the reliability (88.20%) of the questionnaire. The results showed that the affirmative attitudes were statistically significant in contrast to the non-affirmative attitudes (Wilcoxon Matched Pairs Test, T=250.00, Z=3.60, p<0.001). In addition, male gym-goers generally have a significantly more affirmative attitude towards SMEC than female gym-goers (Mann-Whitney U-test, U=119.50, Z=–2.68, p=0.007). Furthermore, there are gender differences in choosing a fitness trainer based on their appearance; but there are no gender differences in the attitude towards the number of fitness trainers’ followers on social media as an indicator of trustworthiness. As this study was specifically concerned with the attitudes of gym-goers, future studies should focus on sports professionals and their attitudes toward this topic.

References

Adams, S. A. (2010a). Blog-based applications and health information: two case studies that illustrate important questions for Consumer Health Informatics (CHI) research. International Journal of Medical Informatics, 79(6), e89–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2008.06.009

Adams, S. A. (2010b). Revisiting the online health information reliability debate in the wake of "web 2.0": an inter-disciplinary literature and website review. International Journal of Medical Informatics, 79(6), 391-400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2010.01.006

Akbari, M., Huc, H., Liqiangb, N. & Chua, T. (2018). From Tweets to Wellness: Wellness Event Detection from Twitter Streams. Retrieved from http://www.aaai.org/ocs/index.php/AAAI/AAAI16/paper/download/11931/11568

Anagnostopoulos, C., Parganas, P., Chadwick, S. & Fenton, A. (2018). Branding in pictures: using Instagram as a brand management tool in professional team sport organisations. European Sport Management Quarterly, 18(4), 413-438. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2017.1410202

Arora, N., Rana, M., & Prashar, S. (2023). How does social media impact consumers' sustainable purchase intention? Review of Marketing Science, 21(1), 143-168. https://doi.org/10.1515/roms-2022-0072

Chou, W. Y., Hunt, Y. M., Beckjord, E. B., Moser, R. P., & Hesse, B. W. (2009). Social media use in the United States: implications for health communication. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 11(4), e48. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.1249

Choukas-Bradley, S., Nesi, J., Widman, L., & Higgins, M. K. (2019). Camera-ready: Young women’s appearance-related social media consciousness. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 8(4), 473-481. https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000196

Clavio, G. (2013). Emerging social media and applications in sport. In P. M. Pedersen (Ed.), Routledge handbook of sport communication (pp. 259-268). London and New York: Routledge, Taylor and Francis group.

Durau, J., Diehl, S., & Terlutter, R. (2022). Motivate me to exercise with you: the effects of social media fitness infulencers on users’ intentions to engage in physical activity and the role of user gender. Digital Health, 8, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1177/20552076221102769

European Commission. Special Eurobarometer 472. Report. (2021). Sport and physical activity: survey requested by the European commission, directorate-general for education, youth, sport and culture and co-ordinated by the directorate-general for communication. Retrived from http://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/index.cfm/ResultDoc/download/DocumentKy/82432

Fardouly, J., Pinkus, R. T., & Vartanian, L. R. (2017). The impact of appearance comparisons made through social media, traditional media, and in person in women’s everyday lives. Body Image, 20, 31-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2016.11.002

Fox, S., & Jones, S. (2018). The Social Life of Health Information. Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2014/01/15/the-social-life-of-health-information/

Geurin-Eagleman, A. N., & Burch, L. M. (2016). Communicating via photographs: A gendered analysis of Olympic athletes’ visual self-presentation on Instagram. Sport management review, 19(2), 133-145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2015.03.002

Grbavac, J., & Grbavac, V. (2014). Pojava društvenih mreža kao globalnog komunikacijskog fenomena [The emergence of social networks as a global communication phenomenon]. Media, culture and public relations, 5(2), 206-219.

Hanson, C., West, J., Neiger, B., Thackeray, R., Barnes, M., & McIntyre, E. (2011). Use and acceptance of social media among health educators. American Journal of Health Education, 42(4), 197-204. https://doi.org/10.1080/19325037.2011.10599188

Jiotsa, B., Naccache, B., Duval, M., Rocher, B., & Grall-Bronnec, M. (2021). Social media use and body image disorders: association between frequency of comparing one’s own physical appearance to that of people being followed on social media and body dissatisfaction and drive for thinness. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(6), 2880. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18062880

Kaplan, A. M., & Haenlein M. (2010). Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of social media. Business Horizons, 53(1), 59-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2009.09.003

Kušić, S. (2010). Online društvene mreže i društveno umrežavanje [Online social networks and social networking]. Život i škola, 24(2), 103-125.

Li, B., Scott, O. K., Naraine, M. L., & Ruihley, B. J. (2021). Tell me a story: Exploring elite female athletes’ self-presentation via an analysis of Instagram stories. Journal of Interactive Advertising, 21(2), 108-120. https://doi.org/10.1080/15252019.2020.1837038

Mani, S. A., Uma, E., John, J., & Nieminen, P. (2023). Perceptions of professional social media interaction with patients and faculty members – a comparative survey among dental students from Malaysia and Finland. BMC Medical Education, 23, 384. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-023-04359-1

Marković, G., Marković, M., & Metikoš, B. (2006). Što uspješan fitness trener treba znati [What should experienced fitness trainers know?]. In V. Findak (Ed.), Kvaliteta rada u područjima edukacije, sporta i sportske rekreacije, pp. 466-469. Rovinj: Hrvatski kineziološki savez.

McCall, P. (2015). 10 fitness trends to look out for in 2016. Retrived from http://bit.ly/2c0Y9cg

Moorhead, S. A., Hazlett, D. E., Harrison, L., Carroll, J. K., Irwin, A., & Hoving, C. (2013). A new dimension of health care: systematic review of the uses, benefits, and limitations of social media for health communication. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 15(4), e85. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.1933

Norman, C. D. (2012). Social media and health promotion. Global health promotion, 19(849), 3-6.

Ralph, L. J., Berglas, N. F., Schwartz, S. L., & Brindis, C. D. (2011). Finding teens in their space: Using social networking sites to connect youth to sexual health services. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 8(1), 38-49. https://doi.org/10.1007/S13178-011-0043-4

Rattinger, M. (2017). Aktivnosti i društvene mreže u slobodnom vremenu mlađih tinejdžera [Activities and social networks in younger teenagers’ free time]. Školski vjesnik: časopis za pedagogijsku teoriju i praksu, 66(2), 222-237.

Regan, K. (2015). 10 Amazing Social Media Growth Stats From 2015. Social Media Today. Retrieved from http://www.socialmediatoday.com/social-networks/kadie-regan/201508-10/10-amazing-social-media-growth-stats-2015

Ružić, N. (2008). Zakonska ograničenja ili sloboda izražavanja na internetu? [Legal restrictions or freedom of expression on the internet?] MediAnali: međunarodni znanstveni časopis za pitanja medija, novinarstva, masovnog komuniciranja i odnosa s javnostima, 2(4), 101-111.

Sarwar, A., Imran, M. K., Akhtar, N., & Fatima, T. (2023). Does social media usage boost career prospects of women: an exploratory study in the academia. Kybernetes, 52(6), 2061-2091. https://doi.org/10.1108/K-04-2021-0294

Selkie, E. M., Benson, M., & Moreno M. (2011). Adolescents' views regarding uses of social networking websites and text messaging for adolescent sexual health education. American Journal of Health Education, 42(4), 205-212. https://doi.org/10.1080/19325037.2011.10599189

Shahzad, N., Bajwa, M. J., Hussain, G., & Naz, T. (2021). Social media marketing in sports and using social media platforms for sports fan engagement. Journal of Contemporary Issues in Business and Government, 27(5), 2812-2822.

Smith, L. R., & Sanderson, J. (2015). I’m going to Instagram it! An analysis of athlete self-presentation on Instagram. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 59(2), 342-358. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2015.1029125

Soekmawati, N. R. J., Victor, V., & Pei Kian, T. (2022). Gym-goers' self-identification with physically attractive fitness trainers and intention to exercise. Behavioral Sciences, 12(5), 158. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12050158.

Stanojević, M. (2011). Marketing na društvenim mrežama [Marketing on social media]. MediAnali: međunarodni znanstveni časopis za pitanja medija, novinarstva, masovnog komuniciranja i odnosa s javnostima, 5(10), 165-180.

Teodoro, R., & Naaman, M. (2013). Fitter with Twitter: understanding personal health and fitness activity in social media. Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media, 7(1), 611-620. https://doi.org/10.1609/icwsm.v7i1.14417.

Usher, W. (2011). Types of social media (Web 2.0) used by Australian allied health professionals to deliver early twenty-first-century practice promotion and health care. Social Work in Health Care, 50(4), 305-329. https://doi.org/10.1080/00981389.2010.534317

Vuletić, S., Jeličić, A. & Karačić, S. (2015). Bioethical aspects of internet. Diacovensia: teološki prilozi, 22(4), 525-558.

World Health Organization. (2021). Physical activity. Retrived from http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/physical-activity

Zainal, Z., & Rahmat, N. H. (2020). Social media and its influence on vocabulary and language learning: a case study. European Journal of Education Studies, 7(11), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.46827/ejes.v7i11.3331

Zhang, H., Wang, M., & Chen, A. (2023). Empirical investigation of how social media usage enhances employee creativity: the role of knowledge management behavior. Behavioral Sciences, 13, 601. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13070601

Downloads

Published

29-12-2023

How to Cite

Alerić, N., Penjak, A., & Karninčić, H. (2023). Attitudes towards exercise content on social media and the choice of fitness trainer. Annales Kinesiologiae, 14(1), 19–35. https://doi.org/10.35469/ak.2023.424