THERMOREGULATION IN CHILDREN: EXERCISE, HEAT STRESS & FLUID BALANCE

Authors

  • Shawnda A. Morrison University of Primorska, Koper University Medical Centre, Institute of Clinical Neurophysiology, Division of Neurology, Ljubljana
  • Stacy T. Sims Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford Prevention Research Centre, Staford, CA OSMO Nutrition Inc., Fairfax, CA

Abstract

This review focuses on the specific physiological strategies of thermoregulation in children, a brief literary update relating exercise to heat stress in girls and boys as well as a discussion on fluid balance strategies for children who are performing exercise in the heat. Both sport performance and thermoregulation can be affected by the body’s water and electrolyte content. The recommendations for pre-pubertal fluid intake have been generalized from adult literature, including a limited concession for the physiological differences between adults and children. Considering these body fluid shifts, carbohydrate-electrolyte drinks are thought to be an essential tool in combating dehydration as a result of active hyperthermia (i.e. exercise), thus we examine current hydration practices in exercising children. Finally, this review summarizes research which examines the relationship between cognition and hypohydration on young athletes’ performance.

References

Adcock, M.P., Bines, W. H., & Smith, F. W. (2000). Heat-related illnesses, deaths, and risk factors–Cincinnati and Dayton, Ohio, 1999, and the United States, 1979–1997. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 49, 470–473.

Asmussen, E., & Boje, O. (1945). Body temperature and capacity for work. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, 10, 1–22.

Bar-David, Y, Urkin, J., & Kozminsky, E. (2005). The effects of voluntary dehydration on cognitive functions of elementary school children. Acta Paediatrica, 94, 1667–1673.

Bar-Or, O. (1989). Temperature regulation during exercise in children and adolescents. In C. V. Gisolfi, & D. R. Lamb (Eds.), Perspectives in Exercise Science and Sports Medicine. Youth, Exercise and Sport (Vol. 2, pp. 335–362). Indianapolis: Benchmark.

Bar-Or, O., Dotan, R., Inbar, O., Rotshtein, A., & Zonder, H. (1980). Voluntary hypohydration in 10- to 12-year-old boys. Journal of Applied Physiology, 48, 104–108.

Benton D., & Burgess N. (2009). The effect of the consumption of water on the memory and attention of children. Appetite, 53(1), 143–146.

Bergeron, M. F., Devore, C., & Rice, S. G. (2011). Policy Statement: Climatic heat stress and the exercising child and adolescent. Pediatrics, 128(3), e741–e747.

Bergeron, M. F., Laird, M. D., Marinik, E. L, Brenner, J. S., & Waller, J. L. (2009). Repeated-bout exercise in the heat in young athletes: physiological strain and perceptual responses. Journal of Applied Physiology, 106(2), 476–485.

Broad, E. M., Burke, L. M., Cox, G. R., et al. (1996). Body weight changes and voluntary fluid intakes during training and competition sessions in team sports. International Journal of Sport Nutrition, 6, 307–320.

Brown, M.B., Millard-Stafford, M., Casner, M. R. (2008). Sweat rates in circumpubertal children versus adults matched by fitness [abstract]. Medicine and Science in Sport and Exercise, 40, S187.

Bytomski, J. R., & Squire, D. L. (2003). Heat illness in children. Current Sports Medicine Reports, 2, 320–324.

Cheuvront, S. N., Carter, R., & Sawka, N. (2003). Fluid balance and endurance performance. Current Sports Medicine Reports, 2, 202–208.

Edmonds, C. J., & Burford, D. (2009). Should children drink more water? The effects of drinking water on cognition in children. Appetite, 52(3), 776–779.

Fadda, R., Rapinett, G., Grathwal, D., et al. (2012). Effects of drinking supplementary water at school on cognitive performance in children. Appetite, 59, 730–737.

Falk, B., & Dotan, R. (2008). Children’s thermoregulation during exercise in the heat: a revisit. Applied Physiology Nutrition Metabolism, 33, 420–427.

Falk, B., Bar-Or, O., Calvert, R., & MacDougall, J. D. (1992). Sweat gland response to exercise in the heat among pre-, mid-, and late pubertal boys. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 24, 313–319.

Fritzsche, R. G., Switzer, T. W., Hodgkinson, B. J., & Coyle, E. F. (1999). Stroke volume decline during prolonged exercise is influenced by the increase in heart rate. Journal of Applied Physiology, 86, 799–801.

Gagge, A. P., & Gonzalez, R. R. (1996). Mechanisms of heat exchange: biophysics and physiology. In M. J. Fregly, & C. M. Blatteis (Eds.), Handbook of Physiology: Environmental Physiology (Vol. 1, pp. 45–84). New York: Oxford University Press.

Gisolfi, C. (1987). Influence of acclimatization and training on heat tolerance and physical endurance. In J. R. S. Hales, & D. A. B. Richards (Eds.), Heat Stress: physical exertion and environment (pp. 335–366). Amsterdam: Elsevier.

González-Alonso, J., Mora-Rodriguez, J. R., Below, P. R., & Coyle, E. F. (1997). Dehydration markedly impairs cardiovascular function in hyperthermic endurance athletes during exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology, 82(4), 1229–1236.

González-Alonso, J., Mora-Rodriguez, J. R., & Coyle, E. F. (1999). Supine exercise restores arterial blood presure and skin blood flow despite dehydration and hyperthermia. American Journal of Physiology, 277, H576–H583.

Hewitt, M. J., Going, S. B., Williams, D. P, & Lohman, T. G. (1993). Hydration of the fat-free body mass in children and adults: implications for body composition assessment. American Journal of Physiology, 265(1 Pt 1), E88–95.

Hill, R. J., Bluck, L. J., & Davies, P. S. (2008). The hydration ability of three commercially available sports drinks and water. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 11(2), 116–123.

Horswill, C. A., Horn, M. K., Stofan, J. R., et al. (2005). Adequacy of fluid ingestion in adolescents and adults during exercise. Pediatric Exercise Science, 17, 41–50.

Inbar, O., Morris, N., Epstein, Y., et al. (2004). Comparison of thermoregulatory responses to exercise in dry heat among prepubertalboys, young adults and older males. Experimental Physiology, 89, 691–700.

Iuliano, S., Naughton, G., Collier, G., et al. (1998). Examination of the self-selected fluid intake practices by junior athletes duringa simulated duathlon event. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 8, 10–6.

Kavouras, S. A., Arnaoutis, G., Makrillos, M., Garagouni, C., Nikolaou, E., Chira, O., et al. (2012). Educational intervention on water intake improves hydration status and enhances exercise performance in athletic youth. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine Science and Sports, 22(5), 684–689.

Kenney, W. L, & Chiu, P. (2001). Influence of age on thirst and fluid intake. Medicine and Science in Sport and Exercise, 33, 1524–1532.

Meyer, F., Bar-Or, O., MacDougall, D., et al. (1992). Sweat electrolyte loss during exercise in the heat: effects of gender and maturation. Medicine and Science in Sport and Exercise, 24, 776–81.

Meyer, F., Bar-Or, O., Passe, D., & Salberg, A. (1994). Hypohydration during exercise in children: effect on thirst, drink preferences, and rehydration. International Journal of Sport Nutrition, 4, 22–35.

Meyer, F., Volterman, K. A., Timmons, B. W., & Boguslaw, W. (2012). Fluid balance and dehydration in the young athlete: Assessment considerations and effects on health and performance. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, 6, 489–501.

Nakai, S., Itoh, T., & Morimoto, T. (1999). Death from heat-stroke in Japan: 1968–1994. International Journal of Biometeorology, 43, 124–127.

Nielsen, B., Kassow, K., & Aschengreen, F., E. (1988). Heat balance during exercise in the sun. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 58, 189–196.

Nishi, Y., & Gagge, A. P. (1970). Direct evaluation of convective heat transfer coefficient by naphthalene sublimation. Journal of Applied Physiology, 29(6), 830–838.

Pitts, G. C., Johnson, R. E., & Consolazio, F. C. (1944). Work in the heat as affected by intake of water, salt and glucose. American Journal of Physiology, 142, 253–259.

Popkin, B. M., D'Anci, K. E, & Rosenberg, I. H. (2010). Water, Hydration and Health. Nutrition Reviews, 68(8), 439–458.

Rivera-Brown, A. M., Gutiérrez, R., Gutiérrez, J. C, Frontera, W. R., & Bar-Or, O. (1999). Drink composition, voluntary drinking, and fluid balance in exercising, trained, heat-acclimatized boys. Journal of Applied Physiology, 86(1), 78–84.

Rivera-Brown, A. M., Ramírez-Marrero, F. A., Wilk, B., Bar-Or, O. (2008). Voluntary drinking and hydration in trained, heat-acclimatized girls exercising in a hot and humid climate. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 103(1), 109–116.

Rowell, L. B. (1993). Human cardiovascular control. New York: Oxford University Press.

Rowland, T., Garrison, A., & Pober, D. (2007). Determinants of endurance exercise capacity in the heat in prepubertal boys. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 28(1), 26–32.

Rowland, T., Pober, D., & Garrison, A. (2008). Cardiovascular drift in euhydrated prepubertal boys. Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism, 33(4), 690–695.

Rowland, T. (2008). Thermoregulation during exercise in the heat in children: old concepts revisited. Journal of Applied Physiology, 105, 718–24.

Rowland, T. (2011). Fluid replacement requirements for child athletes. Sports Medicine, 41(4), 279–288.

Sawka, M. N., Latzka, W. A,. Matott, R. P., & Montain, S. J. (1998). Hydration effects on temperature regulation. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 19 (Suppl 2), S108–S110.

Sawka, M. N., & Noakes, T. D. (2007). Does dehydration impair exercise performance? Medicine and Science in Sport and Exercise, 39, 1209–1217.

Unnithan, V. B., & Goulopoulou, S. (2004). Nutrition for the pediatric athlete. Current Sports Medicine Reports, 3(4), 206–211.

Wilk, B., & Bar-Or, O. (1996). Effect of drink flavor and NaCL on voluntary drinking and hydration in boys exercising in the heat. Journal of Applied Physiology, 80(4), 1112–1117.

Wilk, B., Kriemler, S., Keller, H., & Bar-Or, O. (1998). Consistency in preventing voluntary dehydration in boys who drink a flavored carbohydrate-NaCl beverage during exercise in the heat. International Journal of Sport Nutrition, 8(1), 1–9.

Wilk, B., Rivera-Brown, A. M., & Bar-Or, O. (2007). Voluntary drinking and hydration in non-acclimatized girls exercising in the heat. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 101(6), 727–734.

Wang, S., Zhang, G., Meng, H., & Li, L. (2013). Effect of Exercise-induced sweating on facial sebum, stratum corneum hydration, and skin surface pH in normal population. Skin Research and Technology, 19(1), e312–317.

Annales Kinesiologiae 2014

Downloads

Published

20-12-2014

How to Cite

Morrison, S. A., & Sims, S. T. (2014). THERMOREGULATION IN CHILDREN: EXERCISE, HEAT STRESS & FLUID BALANCE. Annales Kinesiologiae, 5(1). Retrieved from http://ojs.zrs-kp.si/index.php/AK/article/view/30

Issue

Vol. 5 No. 1 (2014)

Section

Articles

License

Open Access Policy and Copyright

This journal provides immediate open access to its content on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author.

Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:

  1. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution license (CC BY) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work’s authorship and initial publication in this journal.
  2. Authors grant the publisher commercial rights to produce hardcopy volumes of the journal for sale to libraries and individuals.
  3. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal’s published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.